INTRODUCTION
The nanotechnology approach is a great significantly importance today for many application industries, that’s including the pharmaceutical, cosmetics and medical industries and so on.The conditions necessary for processing nano materials, such as acidity, PH control, concentration of reactants, and mixing temperature, can be controlled [1]. Green synthesis has been on the rise recently because it is less expensive, safer, and environmentally friendly and non-polluting side residual material [2]. One of the most common methods in down-top approaches of nanoparticle synthesis is sol–gel method due to their conditions is controlling in an open system vasal and can be modified under centered requirements of chemical reactions [3]. Reishi mushroom is one of natural products that’s can be used in preparing the nanoparticles materials to reduced using of chemical pollutant agents in high concentrations such as Sodium hydroxide. Reishi mushroom contains 400 different biological compounds, including terpenoids and polysaccharides. Terpenoids are known for their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects [4].
In medicine and other industry, there many uses applications are found for nano particles of zinc oxide powder with their nano composites and it is considered one of an essential material due to safety, wide range applicable and low cost [5]. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have shown antibacterial activity and zinc oxide is currently being studied as an antibacterial agent [5]. One consideration for the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent is that zinc oxide particles are not toxic to human cells. At the same time zinc oxide nanoparticles are toxic to T cells at concentrations higher than 1.2 mM [6]. Zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibit antimicrobial properties against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, bacteriophages, and various skin-specific pathogens, whether exposed to UV light or no [10, 7]. It was observed that by mixing zinc oxide with vanadium oxide, which has distinct photo catalytic and antibacterial properties, these two nano composites have recently been shown developed. On the other hand, the binary nano composite of ZnO/V2O5 shows the ability of a tremendous approach in photo catalytic processes as well as antibacterial processes that cause diseases [12,13]. The process of integrating nanoparticles (NPS) with plants, fungi or their metabolites in the green synthesis process. Other nanoparticle oxides are also considered essential materials in many applications. Vanadium oxide is one of the widely available compounds because it is non-toxic, economically beneficial and low-cost, so it can be exploited in the green synthesis process and effective activity against bacteria [8].
The recant work tend to synthesis a binary nanocomposite of ZnO/V2O5 at different ratio and at different temperature degree of calcination. The sol-gel method will modify through using a natural product as Reishi mushroom to minimized the pollutant residual and also finding suitable conditions for method of synthesis. Characterization will be done through some of microscopic and spectroscopic methods. At last, antimicrobial investigation will be test under different types of bacteria.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Reishi mushroom extract
The dried mushrooms were taken well from locally markets of Iraq and ground into powder using a grinder. After that, the ground powder was collected and placed in a large 1000ml beaker. Hot distilled water was placed in the beaker with the addition of 50ml of ethanol to speed up the extraction process. The mixture was stirred and left to cool. After that, the beaker was stored after covering it well in a dark place to avoid photo-oxidation and left for two weeks, stirring the mixture daily continuously. The mixture was filtered using a clean cloth and the filtrate was filtered well. The resulting extract was stored after filtering well in a dark glass container for later use [9-11].
Preparation of binary nano-composites
Different ratios have been used of zinc oxide with vanadium oxide were taken (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1) . 0.1M of hydrated zinc nitrate (99.00_103.00% B/4-6, M.I.D.C., Dindori, Nashik, India) was mixed with 0.1M of vanadium oxide (pure 99.8 % BATCH No.170159) in 100ml distal water beaker, this ratio is 1:1. After that, 100ml of the previously prepared Reishi mushroom extract was added to the volumetric beaker with a magnetic stirrer and placed on a heater at 65°C. A basic solution of sodium hydroxide (Reagent World purity 97%) with a concentration of 2.5 molars was prepared. After that, the solution was placed in a volumetric burette in order to dropwise on the reaction mixture with a magnetic stirrer. The basic solution with the zinc oxide and vanadium oxide complex and after the titration process was completed, the solution was left to cool slightly and then filtered using a glass funnel and filter papers. The filtrate was washed with hot distilled water for several times to remove impurities and obtain a purer filtrate. The filtrate was taken and dried in a drying oven at a temperature of 100 for 3 hours. The filtrate was taken, ground, and converted into a powder for roasting at temperatures of 300-700oC and laboratory measurements were carried out. The same procedure is repeated for other composites ratio (1:2 and 2:1).
Spectral measurements
The band gap of nanocomposite is determined according to Tauc Plot method, which is based on measuring the material’s optical absorbance and using the Tauc equation to calculate the band gap value. It is used to measure the band gap of a solid material (typically a semiconductor material) using a UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. The energy gap is calculated from the relationship as in Eq. 1 [12].
Since that α: Absorption coefficient, hv: Photon energy, Eg: Energy gap (band gap), A: Constant and n is a degree that’s Depends on the type of electron transition where 1/2 for the allowed direct transition and 2 for the indirect transition. the measuring the energy gap using the spectrophotometer Japanese Shimadzu UV-2600 Double Beam, Light Source D2 (UV) and W (VIS). The powder sample is place in a thin film on a quartz glass carrier [12]. The infrared measurements of prepared nanocomposite samples have been done using (Perkin Elmer Two, USA). The signal is being recorded from time to frequency (absorption spectrum) using a Fourier transform, Outcome: An FTIR spectrum that plots the transmittance (or absorbance) against wavenumber (cm⁻¹).
To examine the crystalline structure of Nano composite powder of ZnO/V2O5, the detection process is carried by X-ray diffraction technique (Diffracto meter for X-rays, Shimadzu (Japan) XRD-6000), Cu Kα (λ = 1.54 Å). The instrument operates based on Bragg’s Law: nλ=2dsinθ [9] since λ Wavelength of the X-ray (usually Cu Kα = 1.5406 Å), d: Spacing between atomic planes in the crystal, θ: Diffraction angle, n: Order of diffraction (usually n = 1). X-rays diffract at angles particular to the crystal structure when they strike a crystalline sample. The substance is identified by measuring these angles to comparable with standers values and crystal size determination. The crystal image is determined by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) Instead of using a conventional thermionic electron gun, the FE-SEM is a sophisticated kind of scanning electron microscope that uses a Field Emission Gun (FEG). This makes high-resolution imaging possible. Extremely high magnification, up to millions of times, also Surface analysis of nanostructures. The sample is coated be electrically conductive or sputter-coated with carbon or gold. Adhered with conductive adhesive to a metallic stub.
Antimicrobial activity
The Antimicrobial activity of binary nano composites particles have been tested against gram-negative (E.coli) and gram-positive(S.aures) bacteria. Sterile petri dishes were prepared. Then, 1 ml of gram-negative E. coli bacteria was cultured in a culture medium with Broth solution for 24 hours. 100 microns were added to 5 ml of normal saline. The bacterial medium is groaned in the previously prepared dish. Holes were made in the dish according to the prepared ratios of the compound. These holes were filled with the Four different concentrations ratios of the nanocomposite that’s calcinated at 400oC to examine the effect of these ratios on bacteria (1-4) (0.025-0.1gm/ml). the dish was placed in a sterile incubator for 24-48 hours. In the same way, positive bacteria were prepared. At lasted diameters of Bacterial zone is measured.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The green synthesis is depended on the activity of extracted solution Reishi mushroom that’s mixes with both hydrated zinc nitrate vanadium pentoxide in the presence of dropwise sodium hydroxide solution into the mixture. According to the Sol. Gel. method pathway, the reaction mixture is converted into white precipitate of zinc hydroxide in the presence of vanadium pentoxide as in Eq. 2.
At last reaction progresses the zinc hydroxide will convert into zinc oxide in the presence vanadium oxide to yield the composite with yellow-orange precipitate as in Eq. 3.
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The material’s optical band gap energy is ascertained using the spectrum. Optical Band Edge The marked point indicates a wavelength of 362 nm, where strong absorption begins. The band gap energy is calculated using the Eq. 4 (Fig. 1).
The material is a broad band gap semiconductor, appropriate for applications in the following fields, as shown by the computed optical band gap of about 3.42 eV. The graph’s band gap shift indicates a change in the band structure, most likely brought on by doping or the creation of heterojunctions [10-12].
FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of Zn–O and V–O bonds as shown by the Fig. 2 (A1, A2, A3) Respectively (1:1,1:2,2:1) several characteristic peaks that indicate the presence of specific functional groups in the sample. The most prominent of these peaks is the distinctive peak 604 and 471.94 cm⁻¹. These are associated with metal–oxygen (M–O) bonds, such as Zn–O or V–O, which support the presence of metal oxides. The most prominent peaks are shown in Fig. 1, according to the different calcinated temperatures that’s ranged from 300 ◦C into 700 ◦C. the Peak frequency at ~1111.1 cm⁻¹ that’s indicate V=O vibrations (a double bond between vanadium and oxygen. Two peak frequencies at ~870.80 cm⁻¹ and ~740.98 cm⁻¹ May result for a different vibration of V–O or Zn–O bonds respectively. Strong peak at ~547.47 cm⁻¹ This peak is typical of metal oxides, especially Zn–O, and indicates the presence of zinc oxide. this spectrum supports the presence of metal oxides of nano composite the optimum temperature was chosen at 400C◦ for all prepared proportions (1:1, 1:2, 2:1) Respectively [13-15].
Particles size is determined through XRD patterns confirmed the presence of both ZnO and V₂O₅ phases, indicating successful composite formation as shown in Fig. 2(B1-B3)
Comparison with the JCPDS database, the main peaks present at 2 θ (31.7◦, 34.4◦,26.0◦) are those indicating the formation of highly crystalline nano zinc oxide and nano vanadium oxide are also shown through the peaks at 2 θ (15.3◦, 20.3◦) indicating the presence of V2O5. These peaks correspond to the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO. Verification of ZnO/V2O5 composition, no appreciable extra peaks emerge, suggesting the lack of important impurities or secondary phases; The presence of peaks at the stated angles is identical to ZnO in its nano scale state. Superior crystal structure: Well-ordered ZnO crystals are indicated by sharp, high-intensity peaks. The ability to determine crystal size, the size of nano crystals can be determined using Scherrer’s equation D=k λ/βcosɵ [16-19].
FSEM analysis shows the formation of nano composites and the size of the nano materials (C1, C11-C2, C22-C3, C33) prepared according Three ratios of this compound (1:1,1:2,2:1) at the optimum temperature degrees (400 °C) as respected at Fig. 4. Respectively.
The Table 2. shows irregular clusters consisting of nano plates, which are common in V2O5. In addition, some small particles can be seen in the form of rods or spheres, which is a typical pattern for ZnO nano crystals with a needle-shaped shape. The grain size ranges from (29.63,36.89, to 30.38nm) [20,21].
Antimicrobial activity
The antimicrobial activity of binary nano composite ZnO/V2O5 crystal was selected from best nanosized crystal that’s occurs at calcinated at 400 oC. Activity have been tasted against Gram-negative bacteria E.coli and gram-positive S.aures bacteria, it showed effectiveness and inhibition of the growth of these species, according to pre-prepared concentrations and four concentrations. Four different concentrations were prepared (0.025 to 0.1 mg/ml) for each prepared ratio of this compound (1:1,1:2,2:1) as follows Fig. 5. shows image of the effectiveness against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, (D1, D2, D3) and (D11, D12, D13) respectively.
To estimation antimicrobial activity sensitivity, the present study employed an agar gel diffusion method to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ZnO/V2O5 nanoparticles in vitro against S. aureus and E. coli. Thus, the antibacterial activity was assessed using the growth-free inhibitory zones encircling the wells. In overall, the ZnO/V2O5 combination shows encouraging antibacterial efficacy against the two microorganisms under investigation. As Fig. 5 shows, the zone of inhibition (mm) on ZnO/V2O5 for E. coli and S. aureus is 17 mm and 26 mm at 0.1 μg/mL, respectively, it can be observed from Table 3, that there is strong antibacterial activity in the ZnO/V2O5 combination. The most effective dose was also determined and found at concentration (0.1mg/ml at 2:1) In the inhibition zone of about (17mm and 26mm) respectively gram-negative bacteria and gram-negative bacteria, Inhibition test was performed within 24 hours.
CONCLUSION
Binary nanocomposite of zinc oxide vanadium oxide is synthesized at different ratio with different calcinated temperature by using the environmentally friendly green method according to Reishi mushroom extract. The band gap value of binary nanocomposite equal to 3.424eV. the FT-IR spectra indicated to form metallic bond presence in the structure on nano composite. The crystalline size according into the x-ray FE-SEM technique proving the prepared crystal size at nanosized is scaled from (29.63, 36.89, 30.38 nm) According to the proportions (1:1, 1:2, 2:1) respectively. The size and shape of the nanoparticles were also confirmed by FSEM The grain size ranges from (29.63, 36.89, to 30.38 nm). Nanocomposite gives high antimicrobial activity for both positive and negative bacteria through 24 hours, and it was found that the best inhibited dose concentration was 0.1 mg/ml for both types of bacteria.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this manuscript.